Episodic memories typically share overlapping elements in distinctive combinations, and to be valuable for future behavior they need to withstand delays. There is relatively little work on whether children have special difficulty with overlap or withstanding delay. However, Yim, Dennis, and Sloutsky (Psychological Science, 2013, Vol. 24, pp. 2163-2172) suggested that extensive overlap is more problematic for younger children, and Darby and Sloutsky (Psychological Science, 2015, Vol. 26, pp. 1937-1946) reported that a 48-h delay period actually improves children's memory for overlapping pairs of items. In the current study, we asked how children's episodic memory is affected by stimulus overlap, delay, and age using visual stimuli containing either overlapping or unique item pairs. Children aged 4 and 6 years were tested both immediately and after a 24-h delay. As expected, older children performed better than younger children, and both age groups performed worse on overlapping pairs. Surprisingly, the 24-h delay had only a marginal effect on overall accuracy. Although there were no interactions, when errors were examined, there was evidence that delay buffered memory for overlapping pairs against cross-contextual confusion for younger children.Intuitive conceptions represent common obstacles to conceptual learning in science. A growing number of studies demonstrate that when learning occurs, these intuitive conceptions are not replaced by scientific conceptions but rather coexist with them and thus need to be inhibited to prevent systematic errors. However, to date no study has demonstrated that the increasing ability to mobilize a given scientific conception is rooted in the increasing ability to inhibit the intuitive conception that interferes with it. In the current study, we investigated whether the increasing ability from childhood to adulthood to solve a scientific problem regarding the buoyancy of marbles of different sizes and densities is rooted in the increasing ability to inhibit the "bigger objects sink more" intuitive conception. To do so, we designed a negative priming paradigm in which 11-year-old children, 17-year-old adolescents, and 24-year-old adults were asked to choose which of two marbles of various sizes and densities sinks more. Negative priming effects reported in children and adolescents suggest that, unlike adults, they must inhibit the "bigger objects sink more" intuitive conception to determine, for instance, that a small marble with high density (e.g., small lead marble) will sink more than a bigger marble with a lower density (e.g., big wooden marble). We also found that the amplitude of negative priming effects decreased with age, suggesting that the level of exposition to the scientific knowledge of buoyancy (increasing with age) may decrease the need to inhibit the "bigger objects sink more" intuitive conception.The incidence of psychotic disorders varies between geographical areas, however less is known about whether it varies over time in the same region. Analyzing this temporal variation of incidence could improve the allocation of healthcare resources and our understanding of the aetiology of psychotic disorders. This study aimed to determine whether there was a change in the incidence of psychotic disorders over a six-year period.
Young people aged 15 to 24 presenting with a first episode of psychosis (FEP) attending an early intervention service in Melbourne between 2011 and 2016 were included. The population at-risk was determined from the two corresponding census periods and analyses were adjusted for age, sex and migrant status.
A total of 1217 young people presented with a FEP over the six-year period and the crude incidence rate in 2011 was 102.4 per 100,000 population at-risk, compared to 125.4 in 2016. There was an increase in the incidence by 33% in 2015 (aIRR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.09-1.63) and 28% in 2016 (aIRR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.05-1.56). When examined according to diagnostic groups, there was an increase in the incidence of substance-induced psychotic disorders among females in 2015 (aIRR = 4.62, 95% CI 1.02-20.8).
This study shows significant temporal variations in the incidence of treated psychotic disorders. These findings demonstrate that early intervention services should continually monitor incidence case numbers and funding should be provided accordingly, to ensure the required intensive and comprehensive treatments can be sustained.
This study shows significant temporal variations in the incidence of treated psychotic disorders. These findings demonstrate that early intervention services should continually monitor incidence case numbers and funding should be provided accordingly, to ensure the required intensive and comprehensive treatments can be sustained.This phase 2 randomized trial examined the outcomes of a brief, transitional, peer support intervention designed to address the poor outcomes that are common for individuals with schizophrenia spectrum illnesses in the period immediately following hospitalization. In the context of treatment-as-usual, participants were provided with a peer support intervention, 'the Welcome Basket,' in which participants received 1-2 sessions of peer support in the two weeks before discharge and met weekly for a month post-discharge. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ptc596.html The study also piloted a brief version of this intervention with only one community session post-discharge with the same pre-discharge process. It was hypothesized that the full intervention would improve community transition outcomes, with community functioning (Multnomah Community Ability Scale) being the primary measure and secondary measures including symptomatology, community integration, personal recovery, quality of life, and social support. The examination of the brief intervention was exploratory. Measures were completed at baseline, 1-month post-discharge, and follow-up at 6 months. A total of 110 participants were randomized to one of three interventions, with outcome data obtained from 82 and follow-up from 74. While feasible, we did not find that the Welcome Basket intervention was superior to treatment as usual for any of our primary or secondary outcome measures. Future work is needed to determine whether a more extended intervention is required and whether specific subgroups of patients may benefit (e.g. those without access to immediate psychiatric care or those better able to engage with a peer).